Energy Drinks: The Components and Effects on the Body
Abstract
[Energy drinks are a fairly new phenomenon whose purpose is to provide a boost in energy, [[#|promote]] wakefulness and alertness, as well as, providing cognitive and mood enhancement. The main components that can be found in [[#|energy drinks]] are caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, and B-vitamins (Reissig, 2009). In order to understand how [[#|energy drinks]] work as a product and the effects they have on the body, each of the individual components needs to be understood. Many consumers are not aware of what these compounds are and the effects that they have on the body. If these products are consumed in large quantities they may lead to symptoms in the body that could possibly be life threatening. The [[#|manufacturing companies]] also do not make the amount of the components readily aware for the consumer, so they do not know how much is too much (Reissig, 2009). The safety of these products has been questioned because of the limited consumer awareness along with the limited research that has been conducted on the interactions between the chemicals and the body (Wolk, 2012).
Introduction
Since the introduction of [[#|Red Bull]] to the United States in 1997, there has been a rapid increase in the types and brands of [[#|energy drinks]] available (Malinauskas, 2007). There are about 300 [[#|types of energy drinks]] that can be found just in the United States (Yunusa, 2011). Energy drinks can also be found in many different forms and each of the different types use different compounds mixed together in order to achieve the maximum results of increased energy in the consumer. The formulations of energy drinks are very complex and contain many different kinds of chemical compounds. The labels of energy drinks do contain the names of all the compounds, but can be misleading. Many consumers are not aware of what the chemical compounds are and the effects that they have on the body, especially when consumed in large amounts. The main ingredients that can be found in many popular energy drinks are caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, and B-vitamins(Schneider, 2011). Individually each compound has many benefits when taken in moderation, but when they are consumed in large quantities problems can arise and the body can feel negative side effects. Each of these compounds needs to be understood individually so that it can be determined what the effects they have on the body are when consumed together. If these compounds are not understood, then when taken together in large quantities undesirable side effects will be observed by the consumer (Babu, 2008). Recently, there has been an increase in the concern about the safety of energy drinks because a small amount of consumers have been experiencing alarming health concerns. By understanding each component it can help to conclude what ingredients are causing these side effects, and can possibly lead to a more regulated industry.
Caffeine
The main ingredient that can be found in most [[#|energy drink]] formulations is caffeine or 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, as it is chemically known (Graham, 2001). Depending on the type of [[#|energy drink]], it can have a caffeine content that can range from 50mg to 550mg per can/bottle (Ishak, 2012). Besides being found in energy drinks, it can be naturally found in tea, coffee, and chocolate . Caffeine is a psychoactive substance with a similar structure to that of adenosine (Graham, 2001). Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that promotes sleep in the body, and caffeine’s main role when introduced in the body is to block these receptors in the brain that adenosine binds to (Yunusa, 2011). Caffeine can bind to these [[#|adenosine receptors]] because of the similarity in the structures. By blocking the adenosine from binding to the receptors, the feelings of tiredness and exhaustion in the body are reduced (Babu, 2008).
Caffeine is added in energy drinks because of the feeling of increased energy and alertness. Studies have also found that caffeine can lead to an increase in mood as well as, having an impact on improving reaction times when completing simple and more complex tasks (Smith, 2012). But even though consumption of caffeine has benefits, if the levels of caffeine consumption are not regulated, there can be some serious side effects (Wolk, 2012). Just like many other drugs, it has been found that high doses of caffeine can lead to symptoms of withdrawal if the user goes through periods of time not ingesting the substance. These symptoms can be anxiety, headaches, and lack of restlessness (Smith, 2012). Also, if too much caffeine is consumed, the body can experience caffeine toxicity, which can lead to seizures and even death (Iyadurai, 2007). Caffeine is an ingredient put into energy drinks that can give the consumer the feeling of the most benefits, since it is added in at large doses, but if not consumed in moderation there can be serious to the body.
Fig.1 Caffeine (chemspider)
Guarana
Another ingredient that can be found in most [[#|energy drink]] formulations is guarana. Guarana is a compound that is derived from the seeds of the Paullinia Cupana plant, which can be found in South America (Yunusa, 2011). These seeds are the part of the plant that is used for commercial use and contain a high yield of caffeine, reaching from a low of 2.7% (dried weight) to a high of 5.8% (Henman, 1982). Guarana also contains tannins and saponins, and these compounds may contribute to the caffeine dispersing into the body at a slower rate because of how they react with one another (Yunusa, 2011). Also, the guarana seeds contain a large amount of fats, oils, and resins which lead to the seed being insoluble in water (Henman, 1982). This can also be a contributor as to why the caffeine releases into the body at a slower rate.
Guarana is incorporated into energy drinks because it is a natural ingredient. Consumers do not like to add processed chemicals into their body, so if they see that a product contains natural ingredients they are more inclined to purchase. It is also used because of the slow release of the caffeine. Since the caffeine is released at a slower rate, there is a more subtle and longer stimulatory effect (Yunusa, 2011). Since the main chemical compound in guarana is caffeine, the benefits of increased energy, improved mood, and improved cognitive performance has been observed. The side effects of withdrawal when consuming guarana can be the same to that of regular caffeine. Research has not found that guarana can exert toxic effects on the body when consumed in high doses (Henman, 1982). Energy drink formulations do include the amount guarana in the ingredients list, but they do not include it in overall caffeine content of the drink. This is not required of the FDA and can be misleading to consumers because they do not realize the actual caffeine content that they are ingesting, which can be harmful to the body (Babu, 2008).
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Taurine
An ingredient found in energy drinks that has recently been added in larger amounts is taurine. Taurine or 2-aminoethyl sulfonic acid is an amino acid that is found in the body (Huxtable, 1989). An amino acid is a compound that contains a carboxyl and an amine group along with side chains that determine the properties of the amino acid. They are very important to help the body function. Taurine is an exception to most amino acid because it has a sulfonate group rather than a carboxyl group. It also differs from most amino acids because it is a β-amino acid (Huxtable, 1992). Most amino acids are in the form of an α-amino acid which means that the amine group is attached to the first carbon of the chain. Taurine is a derivative of cysteine, which forms by the cysteine converting to cysteine sulfinate and then forming the taurine (Huxtable, 1992). Like most amino acids, taurine is found naturally in our bodies. It can be found primarily in retina, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue (Yunusa, 2011). Natural taurine can also be consumed from eating meats. There is debate as to whether taurine can be considered an essential amino acid, but there is proven scientific research that it is essential for embryonic development (Lourenco, 2002).Taurine is also one of the most abundant free amino acid that can be found in the brain (Huxtable, 1992). In the body, taurine is can be converted into bile salts, which helps metabolism in the body (Huxtable, 1989). It is required to maintain the retinal structure and to help the retinal function. Taurine also plays a role in cell membrane stabilization, modulation of intracellular calciumlevels, osmoregulation and detoxification (Lourenco, 2012).
This amino acid is incorporated into energy drink formulations because of the commercialization that it promotes biliary health, eye health, and the prevention of congestive heart failiure (Babu, 2008). Research has not concluded any adverse effects to large amounts of taurine in the body. This could be due to the fact that taurine forms the bile salts when in excess, and excreted from the body in urine (Huxtable, 1992). Even though taurine is one of the most researched amino acids, there is still more research that needs to be conducted to determine other roles that it has in the body.
Fig. 2 Taurine (chemspider)
Ginseng
Another [[#|herbal supplement]] that can be found in most energy drinks is ginseng. There are many different types of ginseng that can be found in the world today. The most common form of ginseng that is used in commercial products is Panax Ginseng, which is also called Korean, Chinese, or Asian ginseng. Ginseng comes from the roots of the Araliaceous plant (Yunusa, 2008). When the plant is harvested the roots are dried and then processed. In order to obtain the maximum benefits of the ginseng, the plant is harvested after no less than 5-6 years (Bahrke, 2000). Commercial ginseng can be found in powder, liquid, or tablet form.
The pharmalogical active that is found in ginseng is saponins, which have been named ginsenosides (Bahrke, 2000). About 13 different kinds of ginsenosides have been identified using various separation techniques and there are different amounts of saponins that can be found in each individual plant (Geng, 2010). There are many factors that can affect the amount of ginsenosides found in ginseng. Each of the different types of ginseng contains different types of ginsenosides. For example, the Siberian ginseng does not contain any ginsenosides. Another factor that can affect the ginsenosides that are found in the plant is the age of the plant. As the root ages, the content may continue to vary as well as the genetics of the plant being different (Bahrke, 2000).
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Along with the types and amount of ginsenosides in ginseng varying, there can also be other constituents introduced into the ginseng. This can be due to the other various procedures used to harvest, dry, and process the ginseng (Bahrke, 2000). While processing, side products can be introduced that can be harmful. This can be because the environment that the plant is cultivated, the genetic make-up of the plant, and the methods to dry the plant (Bahrke, 2000). Similar to other methods of processing food, manufacturing companies may also add other additives, which could alter the make-up and introduce new constituents that could possibly be toxic to the consumer. Also, there can be harmful chemicals that can be introduced via the soil and water sources.
Ginseng is well-known for its “healing” qualities because it has been used in Asian medicine for thousands of years. Some of the health issues ginseng has been used to help treat is anaemia, nausea, fatigue, forgetfulness, and headaches. Consumers have found that ginseng gives energy and strength to in order to cure illnesses (Bahrke, 2000). It has been incorporated into energy drink formulations because of these effects that the ginsenosides give the user and because of ginseng being a natural ingredient. Since it has been used in East Asian medicine, consumers believe that they will see physical and cognitive benefits. Side effects that can be observed when using large amounts of ginseng are nausea, diarrhea, and headaches (Babu, 2008). Most of the side effects that can be experienced may be experienced because of the side products that can be introduced into the ginseng root. Overall, ginseng is thought to be relatively safe when consumed (Bahrke, 2000)
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Fig. 3 Ginseng (chemspider)
B-Vitamins
B-vitamins are a group of water soluble vitamins that are incorporated into energy drinks in very large amounts. Total there are a total of 8 B-vitamins, but all of them are not added into energy drink formulations. The b-vitamins that are included in most energy drinks formulations are B2, B3, B6, and B12. B2, also known as riboflavin, is a vitamin that essential in energy metabolism (Yunusa, 2011). The molecule consists of ribose sugar connected to flavin which is a tricyclic heteronucleic ring. B2 can be found is various food sources such as milk, cheese, legumes, mushrooms, and almonds. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for riboflavin is about 1.1-1.3 mg a day for adults (U.S. Dept. of Agri., 2011). If an individual is experiencing a deficiency of riboflavin they can experience cracked lips, sore throat, and inflammation of the mouth. Since riboflavin is a water soluble vitamin there are very rare occurrences of toxicity.
B3, which is also known as niacin, is a coenzyme that is used in energy transfer reactions during metabolism (Yunusa, 2011). The molecule of [[#|niacin]] is a pyridine with a carboxyl group attached. There are two coenzyme forms of niacin, which are NAD and NADP. These are the coenzymes that assist during metabolism. Niacin can be found in liver, chicken, beef, fish, and cereal. Depending on age and sex the RDA for niacin is about 14-16 mg a day (U.S. Dept. of Agri, 2011). A deficiency of [[#|niacin]] can lead to slowing of the metabolism. If niacin is consumed in large amounts it can lead to toxicity. Some symptoms of toxicity are flushing of the skin and rashes.
Fig. 5 Niacin (chemspider)
B6 is a vitamin also known as Pyridoxine. Its role in the body is to assist in the metabolism of amino acids and lipids, as well as, playing a role in gluconeogenesis (Yunusa, 2011). The molecule of B6 is a pyridine ring with varying hydroxymethy side chains. Good sources of vitamin B6 can be found in meats, fish, and beans. If the body does not consume enough it can lead to anemia, depression, and high blood pressure. Also if large amounts of B6 are consumed it can lead to sensory nerve damage (U.S. Dept. of Agri, 2011).
Fig. 7 Pyridoxine (chemspider)
B12, commonly known as Cobalamin, is a vitamin that plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (Yunusa, 2011). The molecule consists of a cobalt atom along with other various functional groups. It can be found in many different forms. B12 is the only B-vitamin that cannot be found in plant sources. Some vegetarians and vegans may have a problem with B-12 deficiency. Symptoms from B12 deficiency can be anemia and memory loss. The symptoms of toxicity can be rashes resembling acne.
Fig. 8 Cobalamine (chemspider)
Safety
Each of the ingredients that can be found in energy drinks have their own side effects that can sometimes end up being harmful to the body, but it can be the combination of multiple ingredients that can have a harmful effect. The main ingredient that is found in energy drinks is the caffeine. This is the component of the energy drinks that most of the side effects can be observed (Clauson, 2008). As stated before the amount of caffeine most of the time is not provided for the consumer, so they do not know how much they are ingesting. There are limits that have been put in place by the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to limit the amount of caffeine in soft drinks, but energy drink manufacturing companies to not have to comply to these regulations. “Many manufacturers are not subject to the prior caffeine limits by claiming that their new products fall under the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which classifies products deriving from herbs and natural sources as dietary supplements rather than drugs (Reissig, 2009).”The amount of caffeine in these drinks is not regulated so consumers are, most of the time, receiving a larger amount then recommended when consuming one can (Seifert, 2011). Consuming large amounts of caffeine can lead to caffeine toxicity, which can lead to seizures and even death.
There have been reports of excessive consumption of energy drinks leading to seizures and hospitalization (Iyadurai, 2007). This could have been due to the drinking of multiple energy drinks, as well as, other physical causes. It is still being researched if some of these instances can be due to other ingredients that can be found in the energy drinks, such as taurine. There has not been enough research conducted on the reaction of taurine and caffeine in the body to conclude if this can lead to harmful effects on the body.
Another safety concern is the popularity of mixing energy drinks with alcohol. By mixing the two together, a stimulant is being mixed with a depressant, which can lead to the body not being able to feel the symptoms of becoming intoxicated . There have been conversations about whether energy drinks should become more regulated because of these health related incidents that have occurred. Pre-mixed alcoholic and energy drink beverages have been banned by the FDA, but they are still being consumed together, primarily by college students (Wolk, 2012). In a survey performed about 54% of college students said that they consumed energy drinks while partying (Malinauskas, 2007). More research needs to be performed in order to completely understand how these compounds work together in the body and to ensure that they are being consumed safely.
Conclusion
Energy drinks are a product that many consumers can see various benefits from. They can help to increase energy, alertness, enhance mood, and even improve reaction time. These benefits can be seen as long as they are consumed at moderate levels. When consumed in large amounts, there can be many negative side effects that can be experienced. In order to understand why these negative symptoms occur, the individual compounds that are incorporated into energy drinks need to be understood first. This can help to determine if they are truly safe for the body and at what limit our bodies not take in any more of the chemicals. Understand how the compounds work will help to reduce the fatal hospitalizations and help to determine the regulations that may need to be put in place.
References
Alford, C., Hamilton-Morris, J., & Verster, J. C. (2012). The effects of energy drink in combination with alcohol on performance and subjective awareness. Psychopharmacology, 222(3) doi: 10.1007/s00213-012-2677-1
Babu, K. M., Church, R. J., & Lewander, W. (2008). Energy drinks: The new eye-opener for adolescents. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 9(1), 35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2007.12.002
Clauson, K. A., Shields, K. M., McQueen, C. E., & Persad, N. (2008). Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 48(3) doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055
Bahrke, M. S., & Morgan, W. P. (2000). Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng - an update. Sports Medicine, 29(2) doi: 10.2165/00007256-200029020-00004
Geng, J., Dong, J., Ni, H., Lee, M. S., Wu, T., Jiang, K., . . . Malouf, R. (2010). Ginseng for cognition. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD007769. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007769.pub2
Henman, A. R. (1982). Guarana (paullinia-cupana var sorbilis) - ecological and social perspectives on an economic plant of the central amazon basin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 6(3) doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(82)90054-X
Huxtable, R. J. (1989). Taurine in the central nervous-system and the mammalian actions of taurine. Progress in Neurobiology, 32(6) doi: 10.1016/0301-0082(89)90019-1
Huxtable, R. J. (1992). Physiological actions of taurine. Physiological Reviews, 72(1) abstract pdf
Ishak, W. W., Ugochukwu, C., Bagot, K., Khalili, D., & Zaky, C. (2012). Energy drinks: Psychological effects and impact on well-being and quality of life-a literature review. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 9(1) abstract pdf
Iyadurai, S. J. P., & Chung, S. S. (2007). New-onset seizures in adults: Possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks. Epilepsy & Behavior, 10(3) doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.01.009
Lourenco, R., & Camilo, M.E. (2002). Taurine: a Conditionally Essential Amino Acid in Humans? Nutricion Hospitalaria, 17: 262-270 pubmed pdf
Malinauskas, B. M., Aeby, V. G., Overton, R. F., Carpenter-Aeby, T., & Barber-Heidal, K. (2007). A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutrition Journal, 6, 35. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-35
Reissig, C. J., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2009). Caffeinated energy drinks—A growing problem. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99(1–3), 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001
Schneider, M. B., Benjamin, H. J., Bhatia, J. J. S., Abrams, S. A., De Ferranti, S. D., Schneider, M. B., . . . Council Sports Med Fitness. (2011). Clinical report-sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: Are they appropriate? Pediatrics, 127(6) doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0965
Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics, 127(3) doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-3592
Smith, A. (2002). Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40(9), PII S0278-6915(02)00096-0. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2011. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl.
Wolk, B. J., Ganetsky, M., & Babu, K. M. (2012). Toxicity of energy drinks. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 24(2) doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283506827
Yunusa, I, & Ahmad, I.M. (2011). Energy Drinks: Composition and Health Benefits. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 4(2)doi:10.4314/bajopas.v4i2.38
Energy Drinks: The Components and Effects on the Body
Abstract
[Energy drinks are a fairly new phenomenon whose purpose is to provide a boost in energy, [[#|promote]] wakefulness and alertness, as well as, providing cognitive and mood enhancement. The main components that can be found in [[#|energy drinks]] are caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, and B-vitamins (Reissig, 2009). In order to understand how [[#|energy drinks]] work as a product and the effects they have on the body, each of the individual components needs to be understood. Many consumers are not aware of what these compounds are and the effects that they have on the body. If these products are consumed in large quantities they may lead to symptoms in the body that could possibly be life threatening. The [[#|manufacturing companies]] also do not make the amount of the components readily aware for the consumer, so they do not know how much is too much (Reissig, 2009). The safety of these products has been questioned because of the limited consumer awareness along with the limited research that has been conducted on the interactions between the chemicals and the body (Wolk, 2012).
Introduction
Since the introduction of [[#|Red Bull]] to the United States in 1997, there has been a rapid increase in the types and brands of [[#|energy drinks]] available (Malinauskas, 2007). There are about 300 [[#|types of energy drinks]] that can be found just in the United States (Yunusa, 2011). Energy drinks can also be found in many different forms and each of the different types use different compounds mixed together in order to achieve the maximum results of increased energy in the consumer. The formulations of energy drinks are very complex and contain many different kinds of chemical compounds. The labels of energy drinks do contain the names of all the compounds, but can be misleading. Many consumers are not aware of what the chemical compounds are and the effects that they have on the body, especially when consumed in large amounts. The main ingredients that can be found in many popular energy drinks are caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, and B-vitamins(Schneider, 2011). Individually each compound has many benefits when taken in moderation, but when they are consumed in large quantities problems can arise and the body can feel negative side effects. Each of these compounds needs to be understood individually so that it can be determined what the effects they have on the body are when consumed together. If these compounds are not understood, then when taken together in large quantities undesirable side effects will be observed by the consumer (Babu, 2008). Recently, there has been an increase in the concern about the safety of energy drinks because a small amount of consumers have been experiencing alarming health concerns. By understanding each component it can help to conclude what ingredients are causing these side effects, and can possibly lead to a more regulated industry.
Caffeine
The main ingredient that can be found in most [[#|energy drink]] formulations is caffeine or 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, as it is chemically known (Graham, 2001). Depending on the type of [[#|energy drink]], it can have a caffeine content that can range from 50mg to 550mg per can/bottle (Ishak, 2012). Besides being found in energy drinks, it can be naturally found in tea, coffee, and chocolate . Caffeine is a psychoactive substance with a similar structure to that of adenosine (Graham, 2001). Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that promotes sleep in the body, and caffeine’s main role when introduced in the body is to block these receptors in the brain that adenosine binds to (Yunusa, 2011). Caffeine can bind to these [[#|adenosine receptors]] because of the similarity in the structures. By blocking the adenosine from binding to the receptors, the feelings of tiredness and exhaustion in the body are reduced (Babu, 2008).
Caffeine is added in energy drinks because of the feeling of increased energy and alertness. Studies have also found that caffeine can lead to an increase in mood as well as, having an impact on improving reaction times when completing simple and more complex tasks (Smith, 2012). But even though consumption of caffeine has benefits, if the levels of caffeine consumption are not regulated, there can be some serious side effects (Wolk, 2012). Just like many other drugs, it has been found that high doses of caffeine can lead to symptoms of withdrawal if the user goes through periods of time not ingesting the substance. These symptoms can be anxiety, headaches, and lack of restlessness (Smith, 2012). Also, if too much caffeine is consumed, the body can experience caffeine toxicity, which can lead to seizures and even death (Iyadurai, 2007). Caffeine is an ingredient put into energy drinks that can give the consumer the feeling of the most benefits, since it is added in at large doses, but if not consumed in moderation there can be serious to the body.
Guarana
Another ingredient that can be found in most [[#|energy drink]] formulations is guarana. Guarana is a compound that is derived from the seeds of the Paullinia Cupana plant, which can be found in South America (Yunusa, 2011). These seeds are the part of the plant that is used for commercial use and contain a high yield of caffeine, reaching from a low of 2.7% (dried weight) to a high of 5.8% (Henman, 1982). Guarana also contains tannins and saponins, and these compounds may contribute to the caffeine dispersing into the body at a slower rate because of how they react with one another (Yunusa, 2011). Also, the guarana seeds contain a large amount of fats, oils, and resins which lead to the seed being insoluble in water (Henman, 1982). This can also be a contributor as to why the caffeine releases into the body at a slower rate.
Guarana is incorporated into energy drinks because it is a natural ingredient. Consumers do not like to add processed chemicals into their body, so if they see that a product contains natural ingredients they are more inclined to purchase. It is also used because of the slow release of the caffeine. Since the caffeine is released at a slower rate, there is a more subtle and longer stimulatory effect (Yunusa, 2011). Since the main chemical compound in guarana is caffeine, the benefits of increased energy, improved mood, and improved cognitive performance has been observed. The side effects of withdrawal when consuming guarana can be the same to that of regular caffeine. Research has not found that guarana can exert toxic effects on the body when consumed in high doses (Henman, 1982). Energy drink formulations do include the amount guarana in the ingredients list, but they do not include it in overall caffeine content of the drink. This is not required of the FDA and can be misleading to consumers because they do not realize the actual caffeine content that they are ingesting, which can be harmful to the body (Babu, 2008).
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Taurine
An ingredient found in energy drinks that has recently been added in larger amounts is taurine. Taurine or 2-aminoethyl sulfonic acid is an amino acid that is found in the body (Huxtable, 1989). An amino acid is a compound that contains a carboxyl and an amine group along with side chains that determine the properties of the amino acid. They are very important to help the body function. Taurine is an exception to most amino acid because it has a sulfonate group rather than a carboxyl group. It also differs from most amino acids because it is a β-amino acid (Huxtable, 1992). Most amino acids are in the form of an α-amino acid which means that the amine group is attached to the first carbon of the chain. Taurine is a derivative of cysteine, which forms by the cysteine converting to cysteine sulfinate and then forming the taurine (Huxtable, 1992). Like most amino acids, taurine is found naturally in our bodies. It can be found primarily in retina, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue (Yunusa, 2011). Natural taurine can also be consumed from eating meats. There is debate as to whether taurine can be considered an essential amino acid, but there is proven scientific research that it is essential for embryonic development (Lourenco, 2002).Taurine is also one of the most abundant free amino acid that can be found in the brain (Huxtable, 1992). In the body, taurine is can be converted into bile salts, which helps metabolism in the body (Huxtable, 1989). It is required to maintain the retinal structure and to help the retinal function. Taurine also plays a role in cell membrane stabilization, modulation of intracellular calciumlevels, osmoregulation and detoxification (Lourenco, 2012).This amino acid is incorporated into energy drink formulations because of the commercialization that it promotes biliary health, eye health, and the prevention of congestive heart failiure (Babu, 2008). Research has not concluded any adverse effects to large amounts of taurine in the body. This could be due to the fact that taurine forms the bile salts when in excess, and excreted from the body in urine (Huxtable, 1992). Even though taurine is one of the most researched amino acids, there is still more research that needs to be conducted to determine other roles that it has in the body.
Ginseng
Another [[#|herbal supplement]] that can be found in most energy drinks is ginseng. There are many different types of ginseng that can be found in the world today. The most common form of ginseng that is used in commercial products is Panax Ginseng, which is also called Korean, Chinese, or Asian ginseng. Ginseng comes from the roots of the Araliaceous plant (Yunusa, 2008). When the plant is harvested the roots are dried and then processed. In order to obtain the maximum benefits of the ginseng, the plant is harvested after no less than 5-6 years (Bahrke, 2000). Commercial ginseng can be found in powder, liquid, or tablet form.
The pharmalogical active that is found in ginseng is saponins, which have been named ginsenosides (Bahrke, 2000). About 13 different kinds of ginsenosides have been identified using various separation techniques and there are different amounts of saponins that can be found in each individual plant (Geng, 2010). There are many factors that can affect the amount of ginsenosides found in ginseng. Each of the different types of ginseng contains different types of ginsenosides. For example, the Siberian ginseng does not contain any ginsenosides. Another factor that can affect the ginsenosides that are found in the plant is the age of the plant. As the root ages, the content may continue to vary as well as the genetics of the plant being different (Bahrke, 2000).
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Along with the types and amount of ginsenosides in ginseng varying, there can also be other constituents introduced into the ginseng. This can be due to the other various procedures used to harvest, dry, and process the ginseng (Bahrke, 2000). While processing, side products can be introduced that can be harmful. This can be because the environment that the plant is cultivated, the genetic make-up of the plant, and the methods to dry the plant (Bahrke, 2000). Similar to other methods of processing food, manufacturing companies may also add other additives, which could alter the make-up and introduce new constituents that could possibly be toxic to the consumer. Also, there can be harmful chemicals that can be introduced via the soil and water sources.
Ginseng is well-known for its “healing” qualities because it has been used in Asian medicine for thousands of years. Some of the health issues ginseng has been used to help treat is anaemia, nausea, fatigue, forgetfulness, and headaches. Consumers have found that ginseng gives energy and strength to in order to cure illnesses (Bahrke, 2000). It has been incorporated into energy drink formulations because of these effects that the ginsenosides give the user and because of ginseng being a natural ingredient. Since it has been used in East Asian medicine, consumers believe that they will see physical and cognitive benefits. Side effects that can be observed when using large amounts of ginseng are nausea, diarrhea, and headaches (Babu, 2008). Most of the side effects that can be experienced may be experienced because of the side products that can be introduced into the ginseng root. Overall, ginseng is thought to be relatively safe when consumed (Bahrke, 2000)
.
B-Vitamins
B-vitamins are a group of water soluble vitamins that are incorporated into energy drinks in very large amounts. Total there are a total of 8 B-vitamins, but all of them are not added into energy drink formulations. The b-vitamins that are included in most energy drinks formulations are B2, B3, B6, and B12. B2, also known as riboflavin, is a vitamin that essential in energy metabolism (Yunusa, 2011). The molecule consists of ribose sugar connected to flavin which is a tricyclic heteronucleic ring. B2 can be found is various food sources such as milk, cheese, legumes, mushrooms, and almonds. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for riboflavin is about 1.1-1.3 mg a day for adults (U.S. Dept. of Agri., 2011). If an individual is experiencing a deficiency of riboflavin they can experience cracked lips, sore throat, and inflammation of the mouth. Since riboflavin is a water soluble vitamin there are very rare occurrences of toxicity.
B3, which is also known as niacin, is a coenzyme that is used in energy transfer reactions during metabolism (Yunusa, 2011). The molecule of [[#|niacin]] is a pyridine with a carboxyl group attached. There are two coenzyme forms of niacin, which are NAD and NADP. These are the coenzymes that assist during metabolism. Niacin can be found in liver, chicken, beef, fish, and cereal. Depending on age and sex the RDA for niacin is about 14-16 mg a day (U.S. Dept. of Agri, 2011). A deficiency of [[#|niacin]] can lead to slowing of the metabolism. If niacin is consumed in large amounts it can lead to toxicity. Some symptoms of toxicity are flushing of the skin and rashes.
B6 is a vitamin also known as Pyridoxine. Its role in the body is to assist in the metabolism of amino acids and lipids, as well as, playing a role in gluconeogenesis (Yunusa, 2011). The molecule of B6 is a pyridine ring with varying hydroxymethy side chains. Good sources of vitamin B6 can be found in meats, fish, and beans. If the body does not consume enough it can lead to anemia, depression, and high blood pressure. Also if large amounts of B6 are consumed it can lead to sensory nerve damage (U.S. Dept. of Agri, 2011).
B12, commonly known as Cobalamin, is a vitamin that plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (Yunusa, 2011). The molecule consists of a cobalt atom along with other various functional groups. It can be found in many different forms. B12 is the only B-vitamin that cannot be found in plant sources. Some vegetarians and vegans may have a problem with B-12 deficiency. Symptoms from B12 deficiency can be anemia and memory loss. The symptoms of toxicity can be rashes resembling acne.
Safety
Each of the ingredients that can be found in energy drinks have their own side effects that can sometimes end up being harmful to the body, but it can be the combination of multiple ingredients that can have a harmful effect. The main ingredient that is found in energy drinks is the caffeine. This is the component of the energy drinks that most of the side effects can be observed (Clauson, 2008). As stated before the amount of caffeine most of the time is not provided for the consumer, so they do not know how much they are ingesting. There are limits that have been put in place by the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to limit the amount of caffeine in soft drinks, but energy drink manufacturing companies to not have to comply to these regulations. “Many manufacturers are not subject to the prior caffeine limits by claiming that their new products fall under the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which classifies products deriving from herbs and natural sources as dietary supplements rather than drugs (Reissig, 2009).”The amount of caffeine in these drinks is not regulated so consumers are, most of the time, receiving a larger amount then recommended when consuming one can (Seifert, 2011). Consuming large amounts of caffeine can lead to caffeine toxicity, which can lead to seizures and even death.
There have been reports of excessive consumption of energy drinks leading to seizures and hospitalization (Iyadurai, 2007). This could have been due to the drinking of multiple energy drinks, as well as, other physical causes. It is still being researched if some of these instances can be due to other ingredients that can be found in the energy drinks, such as taurine. There has not been enough research conducted on the reaction of taurine and caffeine in the body to conclude if this can lead to harmful effects on the body.
Another safety concern is the popularity of mixing energy drinks with alcohol. By mixing the two together, a stimulant is being mixed with a depressant, which can lead to the body not being able to feel the symptoms of becoming intoxicated . There have been conversations about whether energy drinks should become more regulated because of these health related incidents that have occurred. Pre-mixed alcoholic and energy drink beverages have been banned by the FDA, but they are still being consumed together, primarily by college students (Wolk, 2012). In a survey performed about 54% of college students said that they consumed energy drinks while partying (Malinauskas, 2007). More research needs to be performed in order to completely understand how these compounds work together in the body and to ensure that they are being consumed safely.
Conclusion
Energy drinks are a product that many consumers can see various benefits from. They can help to increase energy, alertness, enhance mood, and even improve reaction time. These benefits can be seen as long as they are consumed at moderate levels. When consumed in large amounts, there can be many negative side effects that can be experienced. In order to understand why these negative symptoms occur, the individual compounds that are incorporated into energy drinks need to be understood first. This can help to determine if they are truly safe for the body and at what limit our bodies not take in any more of the chemicals. Understand how the compounds work will help to reduce the fatal hospitalizations and help to determine the regulations that may need to be put in place.
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